Graphene has many unusual prop­er­ties. It is the strong­est material ever test­ed,­ef­fi­cient­ly conducts heat and elec­tric­i­ty and is nearly trans­par­en­t. The material , iso­lat­ed, and char­ac­ter­ized in 2004 by Andre Geim and Kon­stantin Novoselov at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Man­ches­ter. Research was informed by existing the­o­ret­i­cal de­scrip­tions of its com­po­si­tion, struc­ture, and prop­er­ties This work resulted in the two winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 "for ground­break­ing ex­per­i­ments re­gard­ing the two-di­men­sion­al material graphene."