What, excluding water vapour, do night shining clouds consist?

micrometeors' remains
rocket engines' exhaust gases
volcanic dust
all of above
Noctilucent clouds, or night shining clouds, are tenuous cloud-like phenomena in the upper atmosphere of Earth. They are first known to have been observed in 1885, two years after the eruption of Krakatoa volcano. Noctilucent clouds require water vapour, dust and exhaust. The dust is believed to come from micrometeors, although particulates from volcanoes and dust from the troposphere are also possibilities. The exhaust are from Space Shuttles.
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Answers by country

micrometeors' remains
rocket engines' exhaust gases
volcanic dust
all of above
answers
flagRepublic of Ireland
0%
0%
0%
100%
10
flagGermany
0%
20%
0%
80%
15
flagthe United Kingdom
0%
5%
27%
66%
18
flagAustralia
8%
8%
16%
66%
12
flagPoland
10%
5%
18%
65%
1132
flagIndia
15%
15%
6%
53%
32
flagthe United States
13%
10%
23%
50%
30
flagGreece
30%
10%
20%
40%
10