Top 10 optics facts

Brocken spectre. A Brocken spectre or mountain spectre, is the apparently enormous and magnified shadow of an observer, cast upon the surfaces of clouds opposite the sun. The head of the figure is often surrounded by the glowing halo-like rings of a glory—rings of coloured light that appear directly opposite the sun when sunlight meets a cloud of uniformly-sized water droplets. The phenomenon can appear on any misty mountainside or cloud bank.

Both are the same. This is the well known checker shadow illusion, first published in 1995 by Edward H. Adelson, Professor of Vision Science at MIT. The area A appears darker because of its light surrounding. At the same time, area B, surrounded with dark areas, appear lighter.

To better see in the dark. The sharpest image is produced by round pupils, and if cats weren’t nocturnal, they probably would have round pupils like us. But the vertical pupil, in combination with horizontal eyelids, gives the cat greater and more accurate control in different types of lighting. A cat may adjust the amount of light by moving eyelids only.

Rayleigh scattering, named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), is an elastic scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation.

Wearing sunglasses without UV filter causes the pupils to dilate and eyes to absorb more UV rays than they normally would without the sunglasses. Hence, it's much better not to wear sunglasses at all, than to wear ones without UV filter.

Tetrachromat. Man is usually sensitive to about 500,000 colors. Tetrachromacy is the condition of possessing four independent channels for conveying color information, or possessing four types of cone cells in the eye. Organisms with tetrachromacy are called tetrachromats which can see up to 99 million shades.

Refraction of light in ice crystals. Halo is the name for a family of optical phenomena produced by light interacting with ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. Among the best known halo types are the circular halo (properly called the 22° halo), Other common optical phenomena involving water droplets rather than ice crystals include the glory and the rainbow.

Bokeh has been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light". It can be good or unpleasant, depending on the lens aberrations and aperture shape. The term comes from Japanese for "blur".

Macro photography may be accomplished by mounting a lens in reverse, in front of a normally mounted lens of greater focal length. This method allows most cameras to maintain the full function of electronic and mechanical communication with the normally mounted lens, for features such as open-aperture metering.

Small droplets or ice crystals. The effect is similar to irisation. Iridescent clouds are a diffraction phenomenon caused by small water droplets or small ice crystals individually scattering light. Larger ice crystals do not produce iridescence, but can cause halos, a different phenomenon.